Esôfago de Barrett: o estado da arte / Barrett's Esophagus: the state of the art

Objetivo: Demonstrar fatores envolvidos nos distúrbios do sono em profissionais que fazem plantões. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi composta de 244 voluntários, plantonistas da área da saúde, sendo 191 do sexo feminino, que responderam a um questionário socioeconômico, associado à aplicação da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e ao Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Os dados foram analisados pelos coeficientes de Spearman e de Kendall Tau, com distribuição de probabilidade gama. Resultados: Houve significância (p<0,05) com o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e a atividade física (+0,216), ergonomia (+0,148), filhos (-0,146), valor da remuneração (+0,112) e disfunção durante o dia (+0,352). Também houve significância com a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e atividade física (+0,138), renda familiar (-0,118), trabalho semanal (-0,151), latência do sono (-0,106), duração do sono (-0,107), eficiência do sono (-0,139) e disfunção durante o dia (+0,170). Por fim, a eficiência do sono teve significiância com profissão (-0,209), tabagismo (+0,402), Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (-0,139) e dissonias com a obesidade (índice de massa corporal >30; razão de chance de 1,40; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 1,02-1,94). Conclusão: As medidas autorrelatadas são prontamente obtidas com questionários validados, como a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, encontrando-se correlações com renda familiar, ter ou não filhos, índice de massa corporal, atividade física, ergonomia, condições de trabalho, tabagismo e componentes biopsicossociais. Em virtude do caráter transversal deste estudo é indispensável mais estudos com maior follow-up

Objective: To demonstrate factors involved in sleep disorders in professionals who take shifts. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study whose sample consists of 244 volunteers, on-duty health workers, 191 females, who answered a socioeconomic questionnaire, associated with application of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data were analyzed with Spearman's and Kendall Tau coefficients, and gamma probability distribution. Results: There was significance (p<0,05) with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and physical activity (+0,216), ergonomics (+0,148), children (-0,146), the wage (+0,112), dysfunction during the day (+0,352). Also there was significance with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and physical activity (+0,138), family income (-0,118), weekly workload (-0,151), sleep latency (-0,106), sleep duration (-0,107), sleep efficiency (-0,139), and dysfunction during the day (+0,170). Finally, sleep efficiency was significant with occupation (-0,209), smoking habits (+0,402), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (-0,139), dyssomnia with obesity (body index mass >30; OR of 1,40; CI 95% 1,02-1,94). Conclusion: Self-reported measures are readily obtained with validated questionnaires such as Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, with correlations with family income, having children or not, body mass index, physical activity, ergonomics, working conditions, smoking habits, and biopsychosocial components. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, further research with longer follow-up is indispensable

Diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento do esôfago de Barrett: revisão sistemática / Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of barretts esophagus: a systematic review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition that raises controversy among general practitioners and specialists, especially regarding its diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up protocols. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to present the particularities and to clarify controversies related to the diagnosis, treatment and surveillance of BE. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, and SciELO based on articles published in the last 10 years. PRISMA guidelines were followed and the search was made using MeSH and non-MeSH terms "Barrett" and "diagnosis or treatment or therapy or surveillance". We searched for complete randomized controlled clinical trials or Phase IV studies, carried out with individuals over 18 years old. RESULTS: A total of 42 randomized controlled trials were selected after applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria. A growing trend of alternative and safer techniques to traditional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were identified, which could improve the detection of BE and patient acceptance. The use of chromoendoscopy-guided biopsy protocols significantly reduced the number of biopsies required to maintain similar BE detection rates. Furthermore, the value of BE chemoprophylaxis with esomeprazole and acetylsalicylic acid was relevant, as well as the establishment of protocols for the follow-up and endoscopic surveillance of patients with BE based predominantly on the presence and degree of dysplasia, as well as on the length of the follow-up affected by BE. CONCLUSION: Although further studies regarding the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of BE are warranted, in light of the best evidence presented in the last decade, there is a trend towards electronic chromoendoscopy-guided biopsies for the diagnosis of BE, while treatment should encompass endoscopic techniques such as radiofrequency ablation. Risks of ablative endoscopic methods should be weighted against those of resective surgery. It is also important to consider lifetime endoscopic follow-up for both short and long term BE patients, with consideration to limitations imposed by a range of comorbidities. Unfortunately, there are no randomized controlled trials that have evaluated which is the best recommendation for BE follow-up and endoscopic surveillance (>1 cm) protocols, however, based on current International Guidelines, it is recommended esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) every 5 years in BE without dysplasia with 1 up to 3 cm of extension; every 3 years in BE without dysplasia with >3 up to 10 cm of extension, every 6 to 12 months in BE with low grade dysplasia and, finally, EGD every 3 months after ablative endoscopic therapy in cases of BE with high grade dysplasia.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O esôfago de Barrett (EB) é uma condição que aumenta o risco de ocorrência de displasias e câncer no esôfago, a qual apresenta inúmeras controvérsias entre médicos generalistas e até especialistas, em especial no que tange o seu diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento. OBJETIVO: Tentar esclarecer as controvérsias relacionadas ao estabelecimento do diagnóstico, tratamento, seguimento e vigilância do EB. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado revisão sistemática da literatura fundamentada apenas em ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados (completos ou em fase IV), em indivíduos maiores que 18 anos, publicados nos últimos 10 anos, por meio de busca, nas bases de dados: PubMed, Cochrane e SciELO (utilizando os termos MeSH e não-MeSH: "Barrett" no título AND diagnosis or treatment or therapy or surveillance" em todos os campos). RESULTADOS: Um total de 42 ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados foram identificados e selecionados após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Evidenciou-se, principalmente, o surgimento de técnicas seguras, alternativas à endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) tradicional para aprimorar a detecção do esôfago de Barrett, associadas a boa aceitação por parte dos pacientes, quando realizadas por meio de acesso nasal. Ainda, o uso de protocolo de biópsias guiadas por cromoendoscopia eletrônica favoreceu reduzir significativamente o número de biópsias necessárias para alcançar as melhores taxas de identificação histológica do EB. Ademais, foi evidenciado que o uso de esomeprazol 40 mg 2x/dia associado ao ácido acetil salicílico 300 mg/dia pode ter efeito protetivo em relação ao desenvolvimento de câncer no EB, além de ser identificado protocolos de seguimento e vigilância endoscópica dos pacientes com EB >1 cm fundamentados, especialmente, no grau de displasia e comprimento do EB (EB sem displasia com 1 a 3 cm = EDA a cada 5 anos; EB sem displasia com >3 a 10 cm = EDA a cada 3 anos; EB com displasia de baixo grau = EDA a cada 6 a 12 meses; EB com displasia de alto grau = realização de terapia endoscópica ablativa e EDA a cada 3 meses). CONCLUSÃO: Foi verificado a necessidade do desenvolvimento de mais ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados relacionados ao tema, especialmente no que tange o estabelecimento do seguimento e vigilância do EB, entretanto, na luz das melhores evidências apresentadas na última década, o diagnóstico de EB deve seguir, idealmente, protocolos de biópsias guiadas por cromoendoscopia eletrônica. Ademais, o tratamento deve ser fundamentado primeiramente em técnicas endoscópicas, especialmente aquelas terapias com radiofrequência, e quando associado a displasia de alto grau, deverá ser ponderado quanto aos riscos de se insistir em métodos endoscópicos ablativos ou considerar um tratamento cirúrgico ressectivo. Por fim, reforça-se a necessidade de todo paciente com EB >1 cm permanecer em seguimento endoscópico por toda a sua vida, conforme protocolos pré-estabelecidos, exceto se apresentar comorbidades limitantes que impediriam a realização de alguma conduta mais intervencionista. Infelizmente, não há ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliaram qual é a melhor recomendação de protocolo para o seguimento endoscópico de EB (>1cm), porém, baseado nas atuais Guidelines Internacionais, é recomendado esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD) a cada 5 anos em EB sem displasia com 1 a 3 cm de extensão; a cada 3 anos em EB com displasia com 3 a 10 cm de extensão, a cada 6 a 12 meses em EB com displasia de baixo grau e, finalmente, EGD a cada 3 meses após terapia ablativa endoscópica nos casos de EB com displasia de alto grau.

Baixa prevalência de esôfago de Barrett em área de risco para câncer esofágico no Sul do Brasil / Low prevalence of barrett's esophagus in a risk area for esophageal cancer in south of brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Barrett's esophagus a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been increasing in most Western countries. Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state of Brazil has the highest rates of esophageal cancer with low prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus among patients underwent to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the last 5 years. METHODS: The records of patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed. Demographic data, GERD symptoms, endoscopic findings, extension and histological diagnosis of columnar epithelia of the esophagus were recorded. Significance among the variables was accessed by chi-square test and Fisher's exact test with 95% CI. RESULTS: A total of 5996 patients underwent to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the period were included. A total of 1769 (30%) patients with GERD symptoms or esophagitis and 107 (1.8%) with columnar lined esophagus were identified. Except for eight patients, the others with columnar lined esophagus had GERD symptoms or esophagitis. Barrett's esophagus defined by the presence of intestinal metaplasia occurred in 47 patients; 20 (43%) with segments over 3 cm and 27 (57%) with segments shorter than 3 cm. The global prevalence of Barrett's esophagus was 0.7% and in GERD patients 2.7%. The odds ratio for the occurrence of columnar lined esophagus in patients with GERD was 30 (95%CI=15.37-63.34). The odds ratio for the presence of intestinal metaplasia in long segments was 8 (95%CI=2.83-23.21). CONCLUSION: GERD patients had a risk 30-folds greater to present columnar lined esophagus than patients without GERD symptoms. Long segments of columnar lined esophagus, had a risk eight-folds higher to have Barrett's esophagus than short segments. Barrett's esophagus overall prevalence was 0.7%. In GERD patients, the prevalence was 2.7%. Long Barrett's esophagus represented globally 0.3% and 1.1% in GERD patients.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Esôfago de Barrett, complicação da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE), é lesão precursora do adenocarcinoma esofágico. O adenocarcinoma esofágico apresenta incidência crescente principalmente no ocidente. O estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresenta as taxas mais altas de câncer esofágico no Brasil, porém com baixa prevalência de adenocarcinoma. OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de esôfago de Barrett em pacientes submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta nos últimos 5 anos. MÉTODOS: Revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta entre 2011 e 2015. Registrados dados demográficos, sintomas de DRGE, achados endoscópicos, extensão e diagnóstico histológico de epitelização colunar do esôfago. A significância entre as variáveis foi acessada pelos testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher com IC95%. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 5996 pacientes. Identificamos 1769 (30%) com sintomas de DRGE ou esofagite e 107 (1,8%) com epitelização colunar. À exceção de oito pacientes com epitelização colunar, os demais apresentavam sintomas de DRGE ou esofagite. Esôfago de Barrett definido pela presença de metaplasia intestinal ocorreu em 47 pacientes; 20 (43%) com segmentos acima de 3 cm e em 27 (57%) com segmentos menores. A prevalência global de esôfago de Barrett foi 0,7% e em pacientes com DRGE foi 2,7%. A razão de chances para a ocorrência de epitelização colunar em pacientes com DRGE foi 30 (IC95%=15,37-63,34) e para a ocorrência de metaplasia intestinal em segmentos longos foi 8 (IC95%=2,83-23,21). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com DRGE apresentaram risco 30 vezes maior que pacientes sem DRGE para a ocorrência de epitelização colunar. O risco de ocorrência de esôfago de Barrett em segmentos longos foi oito vezes maior. A prevalência global de esôfago de Barrett foi 0,7%. Em pacientes com DRGE a prevalência foi 2,7%. Segmentos longos de esôfago de Barrett representaram globalmente 0,3% e em pacientes com DRGE 1,1%.

Concordancia de hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos en pacientes con esófago de Barrett / Concordance of endoscopic and histological findings in patients with Barrett's esophagus

Introducción: se denomina esófago de Barrett(EB) a la sustitución del epitelio esofágico escamoso normal de la zona distal, por un epitelio columnar, confirmado mediante la evaluación histológica con la presencia de células caliciformes que indican la presencia de una metaplasia intestinal especializada, constituyendo un desencadenante del desarrollo de adenocarcinoma esofágico. Existe discrepancia entre la interpretación de los hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos, debido a que se presentan resultados dispares en operadores dependientes. Si bien el riesgo de progresión a malignidad es bajo,se debe establecer criterios adecuados de vigilancia para un manejo eficiente costo-efectivo.Objetivo: determinar la concordancia existente entre los hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos en pacientes con EB que acudieron al Servicio de Endoscopía Digestiva del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social (Asunción, Paraguay)del 2012 al 2014. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. Se revisaron expedientes clínicos de pacientes. Resultados: se tenía sospecha de EB en 1,54% (265/17.207) de los pacientes, en quienes fueron tomadas muestras de biopsias durante la realización de endoscopía digestiva alta. Hubo confirmación histológica en 32,08% (85/265) de los casos, siendo hallada displasia en 16,47% (14/85), correspondiendo la totalidad a displasia de bajo grado. Por tanto, del total de pacientes la frecuencia de EB fue 0,49% (85/17.207). Conclusión: existe una escasa concordancia entre los hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos de EB. Es una entidad de baja frecuencia en nuestro medio. No fue encontrado ningún caso que conlleve riesgo significativo de malignidad.

Introduction: Barrett's esophagus(BE) is called to the replacement of normal epithelial squamous esophagic epithelium by columnar epithelium in the distalend, confirmed by histological evaluation with the presence of goblet cells indicating the presence of specialized intestinal metaplasia, constituting a trigger for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. There is a discrepancy between the endoscopic interpretation and histological findings, due to the similar results between dependent operators. Although the risk of progression to malignancy is low, it should be establishedadecuate criteria for efficient monitoring and low cost. Objetive: To determine the relation between the endoscopic and histological findings in patients with Barrett's esophagus who were attended the Esophagogastroduodenos copy in the service ofthe Central Hospital of the Social Security, from 2012 to 2014. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, observational cross-sectional study;patients clinical records were reviewed. Results: It was suspected to have BE 1.54% (265 / 17,207) of patients in whom biopsies were taken during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. There were histologically confirmed in 32.08% (85/265) of cases, dysplasia were found in 16.47% (14/85), bring all of them low-grade dysplasia. Therefore, the total frequency of EB patients was 0.49% (85/17,207). Conclusion: There is a low correlation between the endoscopic and histological findings of BE. It is an entity of low frequency in our media. It was not found any case that involves significant risk of malignancy.

Guía de práctica clínica para la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico / Clinical practice guideline for disease caused by gastroesophageal reflux

Objetivo: brindar una guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia más reciente para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del reflujo gastroesofágico teniendo en cuenta la efectividad y seguridad de las intervenciones dirigidas a pacientes, personal asistencial, administrativo y entes gubernamentales de cualquier servicio de atención en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: esta guía fue desarrollada por un equipo multidisciplinario con apoyo de la Asociación Colombiana de Gastroenterología, el Grupo Cochrane ITS y el Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se desarrollaron preguntas clínicas relevantes y se realizó la búsqueda de guías nacionales e internacionales en bases de datos especializadas. Las guías existentes fueron evaluadas en términos de calidad y aplicabilidad; 1 guía cumplió los criterios de adaptación, por lo que se decidió adaptar 3 preguntas clínicas. El Grupo Cochrane realizó la búsqueda sistemática de la literatura. Las tablas de evidencia y recomendaciones fueron realizadas con base en la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones de la guía fueron socializadas en una reunión de expertos con entes gubernamentales y pacientes. Resultados: se desarrolló una guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con reflujo gastroesofágico en Colombia. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico y manejo oportuno de los pacientes con ERGE contribuirá a disminuir la carga de la enfermedad en Colombia, así como de las enfermedades asociadas.

Objective: To provide a clinical practice guideline with the latest evidence for diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux for patients, caregivers, administrative and government bodies at all levels of care in Colombia. Materials and Methods: This guide was developed by a multidisciplinary team with the support of the Colombian Association of Gastroenterology, Cochrane STI Group and Clinical Research Institute of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Relevant clinical questions were developed and the search for national and international guidelines in databases was performed. Existing guidelines were evaluated quality and applicability. One guideline met the criteria for adaptation, so the group decided to adapt 3 clinical questions. Systematic literature searches were conducted by the Cochrane Group. The tables of evidence and recommendations were made based on the GRADE methodology. The recommendations of the guide were socialized in a meeting of experts with government agencies and patients. Results: An evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux was developed for the Colombian context. Conclusions: The opportune detection and appropriate management of gastroesophageal reflux would contribute to the burden of the disease in Colombia and its associated diseases.

Esófago de Barrett: revisión de la literatura / Barrett's esophagus: review

El Esófago de Barrett (EB) es una patología adquirida producto del reflujo gastroesofágico crónico que provoca la lesión de la mucosa esofágica normal y su reemplazo por mucosa metaplásica. La importancia clínica del EB radica en que constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de adenocarcinoma esofágico. La incidencia del adenocarcinoma esofágico se encuentra en aumento y su diagnóstico se realiza generalmente en etapas avanzadas, teniendo un pronóstico sombrío. Actualmente el objetivo es detectar el cáncer en etapas iniciales y eventualmente tratables, para lo cual se han planteado distintos protocolos de vigilancia y numerosas alternativas de tratamiento del epitelio metaplásico del esófago de Barrett. En el siguiente artículo se revisan los conceptos más recientes de manejo.

Barrett's esophagus is an acquired disease caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux causing the injury of normal esophageal mucosa and its replacement by metaplastic mucosa. The clinical significance of Barrett's esophagus is that it constitutes a risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing and its diagnosis is usually done in advanced stages, with grim prognosis. Currently the goal is to detect cancer in early, treatable stages. Different protocols have been proposed, numerous alternatives for monitoring and treating metaplastic epithelium of Barrett's esophagus. In the following article the latest management concepts are reviewed.

Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Isolated Pathologies of the Sphenoid Sinus: Retrospective Study of 46 Cases

Introduction Isolated disease of the sphenoid is rare and has often been overlooked due to its remote location and difficult access. Objective A retrospective study of the main causes of isolated sphenoid sinus diseases with discussion of the most appropriate methods of diagnosis and treatment. Methods A total of 46 cases of isolated sphenoid disease treated between January 2008 and December 2013 were evaluated by objective ear, nose, and throat examination and video endoscopy, computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses, and, in some cases, magnetic resonance imaging. In each case, we decided between drug and/or endoscopic treatment. Results We identified 12 cases of isolated sphenoiditis (26.1% ), 3 cases of fungal sphenoiditis (6.5% ), 3 cases of sphenochoanal polyps (6.5% ), 22 cases of mucocele (47.8% ), 2 cases of cerebrospinal fluid leak (4.3% ), and 1 case each of meningoencephalocele (2.1% ), inverted papilloma (2.1% ), fibrous dysplasia (2.1% ), and squamous cell carcinoma (2.1% ). Conclusion A prevalence of inflammatory and infectious diseases was found, and endoscopic surgery for the sphenoid sinus approach is effective in treating various diseases of the isolated sphenoid, whether complicated or not. .

High definition endoscopy and "narrow band imaging" in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease / Diagnostico da doenca do refluxo gastroesofagico com endoscopia de alta definicao e "narrow band imaging"

Introduction: The gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common condition in the western world but less than half of patients present endoscopic abnormalities, making a standard procedure unsuitable for diagnosis. High definition endoscopy coupled with narrow band imaging has shown potential for differentiation of lesions and possible biopsy, allowing early diagnosis and treatment. Methods: This review describes the principles of biotic and their influence in obtaining images with better definition of the vessels in the mucosa, through the narrow band imaging. Selected papers using it in patients with reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus are analyzed in several ways, highlighting the findings and limitations. Conclusion: The meaning of the narrow band imaging in the endoscopic diagnosis of reflux disease will be defined by large scale studies, with different categories of patients, including assessment of symptoms and response to treatment. .

Introdução: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico é condição altamente prevalente no mundo ocidental, porém, em menos da metade dos pacientes há alguma alteração endoscópica, indicando que a endoscopia convencional não é o procedimento ideal para o diagnóstico da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. A endoscopia com aparelhos de alta definição associado ao dispositivo "narrow band imaging" tem demonstrado aplicação na diferenciação de lesões benignas das malignas e a possibilidade de direcionar as biópsias, permitindo diagnóstico e tratamento especialmente nos casos de câncer precoce. Método: Esta revisão descreve os princípios ópticos e sua influência na obtenção de imagens de vasos na mucosa, através da "narrow band imaging". Foram utilizados os descritores para pesquisa no PubMed e as publicações analisadas em diversos aspectos com destaque para o "narrow band imaging", seus fundamentos, aplicações e limitações. Conclusão: O significado do "narrow band imaging" no diagnóstico endoscópico da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico será definido por estudos em larga escala, com categorias diferentes de pacientes, incluindo avaliação de sintomas e resposta ao tratamento. .

Magnificación endoscópica, ácido acético y “flexible spectral imaging colour enhancement” (FICE) para el diagnóstico de esófago de Barrett / Endoscopic magnification, acetic acid and flexible spectral imaging colour enhancement (FICE) for the diagnosis of Barrett´s esophagus

Con endoscopia estándar no se precisa esófago de Barrett, pero la magnificación endoscópica con o sin cromoscopia puede identificarlo. Objetivo: Diagnosticar esófago de Barrett con magnificación endoscópica, rociado de ácido acético y “Flexible Spectral Imaging Colour Enhancement” (FICE). Pacientes: Previo consentimiento se incluyeron a los individuos con indicación de endoscopia digestiva superior. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó endoscopia digestiva superior con equipo Fujinon Inc. EG 590 ZW, y procesador EPX 4400, consecutivamente se practicó: a) alta resolución, b) FICE, c) alta resolución, d) magnificación, e) FICE, f) alta resolución con instilación de acido acético al 5% en esófago distal y lavado con agua, g) magnificación y h) FICE. Se tomó biopsia del patrón observado, evaluada sin información del paciente. El procedimiento se grabó, se fotografió y se guardó en JPEG en programa Power Point. Resultados: En 120 pacientes: 44 hombres y 76 mujeres con edades de 20-85 años, el ácido acético destacó los patrones de mucosa observados con magnificación y resaltados con FICE. Esófago de Barrett se diagnosticó en 87,50% de patrón tipo 3 identificados en lengüetas largas. Conclusión: Magnificación endoscópica con rociado de ácido acético, y “Flexible Spectral Imaging Colour Enhancement” (FICE), identificó y resaltó en esófago el patrón sugestivo de esófago de Barrett.

Standard endoscopy does not identify Barrett´s esophagus, but endoscopic magnification and chromoendoscopy diagnose it accurately. Ojective: Diagnose Barrett’s esophagus with magnification endoscopy, spraying of acetic acid and Flexible Spectral Imaging Colour Enhancement (FICE). Patients: Individuals scheduled to undergo routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were enrolled. Materials and Methods: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed with Fujinon Inc. 590 EG ZW and EPX 4400 processor. Endoscopy was consecutively performed with: a) highresolution, b) FICE, c) high resolution d) magnification, e) FICE, f) high resolution with spraying of 5% acetic acid in distal esophagus inmediately washed with 20cc of water, g) magnification and h) FICE. Biopsy was taken and evaluated without patient information. The procedure was recorded, was photographed and was saved in JPEG in Power Point program. Results: In 120 patients: 44 men and 76 women aged 20-85 years, pit patterns of mucosa were enhanced with acetic acid sprayed in distal esophagus and highlighted with magnification and FICE. Barrett’s esophagus was diagnosed in 87.50% of cases with long columnar tongues and pit pattern type 3. Conclusion: Endoscopic magnification with spraying of acetic acid, and Flexible Spectral Imaging Colour Enhancement (FICE), identified and highlighted the pattern suggestive of diagnosis of Barretts esophagus.

Esôfago de Barrett progride para câncer em apenas 0, 12% por ano nos cinco primeiros anos / Barretts esophagus progresses to cancer at only 0.12% per year over the first five years

Os resultados1 encontraram taxa muito baixa de progressão para o câncer entre os pacientes que têm esôfago de Barrett. Aalta taxa de detecção durante o primeiro ano após o diagnósticoda metaplasia sugere uma possível utilidade em se repetir aendoscopia em seis meses ou um ano. Mas a predisposição paraa vigilância generalizada e permanente de todos os pacientescom esôfago de Barrett deve ser ponderada à luz desses achados epidemiológicos.

Esófago de Barrett con ulceración recurrente y seguimiento a largo plazo / Barrett’s esophagus with recurrent ulceration and long-time follow-up

Seventy six year-old female with a history of at least 4 years of gastroesophageal reflux disease, consults in May 2004 due to increasing symptoms in the previous two months with chest pain and dysphagia. The endoscopy showed a large hiatal hernia and esophageal ulcer. Biopsies showed Barrett’s metaplasia with focal low grade glandular dysplasia. Her evolution has been good and has noted symptoms exacerbations related to dietary transgressions or suspension of medical treatment. In 2009 dysphagia reappeared, her lab work-up showed discrete anemia and positive immune occult hemorrhage test. Endoscopy demonstrated esophageal erosion near line “Z” with a self-limited bleeding. Colonoscopy revealed two small adenomas that were removed by biopsy and showed no bleeding lesion. In July 2010 a new control endoscopy is performed showing recurrence of the esophageal ulcer in the same location as observed in the first endoscopy. Her control biopsies showed persistence of Barrett’s disease and no dysplasia.

Paciente de 76 años de sexo femenino consulta en mayo del 2004 por ERGE desde hacía al menos 4 años, que se intensifica, incluso con presencia de dolor torácico y disfagia dos meses antes. La panendoscopia demostró hernia hiatal y una extensa úlcera esofágica. Las biopsias diagnosticaron una metaplasia de Barrett con displasia glandular focal. Su evolución ha sido buena y ha presentado molestias en relación a trasgresiones alimenticias o abandono del tratamiento médico. El 2009 reaparece la disfagia, y en sus exámenes de laboratorio se comprueba una anemia discreta y un Fecatest inmunológico positivo. La endoscopia demuestra una erosión esofágica cercana a línea “Z” que sangra en forma autolimitada. Una ileocolonoscopia demostró dos pequeños adenomas que fueron extirpados por biopsia y ninguna lesión sangrante. En julio de 2010 se practica nueva endoscopia y se observa que la úlcera esofágica ha recidivado en igual ubicación a lo observado en su primer examen. Las biopsias de control mostraron persistencia de Enfermedad de Barrett sin displasia.

Estudo sobre a acuidade diagnóstica da endoscopia digestiva alta na detecção do esôfago de barrett / Study on the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy in the detection of barrett's esophasus

Introdução: o esôfago de barrett (EB) decorre da substituição do epitélio escamoso do esôfago inferior por epitélio colunar em continuidade com a mucosa gástrica. Sua prevalência é estimada em 1% da população geral. A observação endoscópica cuidadosa e a vigilância através de biópsias permitem um melhor controle da progressão para adenocarcinoma do esôfago. Objetivos: detectar a prevalência da suspeita de EB nos exames endoscópicos, calcular a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo da endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) na detecção do EB e, calcular o índice Kappa de concordância entre o diagnóstico endoscópico e o histopatológico na detecção do EB. Métodos: Foram analisados 3813 laudos dos pacientes submetidos à EDA e 307 laudos de biópsias do esôfago do mesmo grupo de estudo, entre maio de 2007 e fevereiro de 2009. Resultados: A prevalência dos achados endoscópicos suspeitos de EB foi 2,30%(88), sendo que, 80,68%(71) foram confirmados histologicamente; destes, 64,79%(46) apresentaram hérnia de hiato associada, 78,87%(56) apresentaram lesão inferior a 3cm, 81,69%(58) eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade mais acometida foi 53 anos. O índice Kappa de concordância diagnóstica entre o exame endoscópico e o histopatológico foi 0,65. A sensibilidade da EDA no rastreio de EB foi 71% e a especificidade 92%. O valor preditivo positivo do exame endoscópico na mesma população foi 0,61 (61%) e o valor preditivo negativo 0,39 (39%). Conclusão: a EDA é um bom método para detectar EB, porém é melhor para excluí-lo. O índice Kappa foi considerado substancial.

Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: a Systematic Review / 대한소화기학회지

The prevalence of gastoesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been rapidly increased in Korea during last 20 years. However, there has been no systematic review regarding this disease. The aim of this article was to provide a review of available diagnostic modalities for GERD. This review includes proton pump inhibitor (PPI) test, endoscopy, ambulatory pH monitoring, impedance pH monitoring, and esophageal manometry in order to provide a basis for the currently applicable recommendations in the diagnosis of GERD in Korea. With weekly heartburn or acid regurgitation, the prevalence of GERD has been reported as 3.4% to 7.9%, indicating an increase of GERD in Korea. As the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus has been reported to be low, the screening endoscopy for Barrett's esophagus is not recommended. Several recent meta-analyses re-evaluated the value of the PPI test in patients with typical GERD symptoms and non-cardiac chest pain. That is, the PPI test has been proven to be a sensitive tool for diagnosing GERD in patients with non-cardiac chest pain and in some preliminary trials regarding extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. Ambulatory pH monitoring of the esophagus helps to confirm gastroesophageal reflux in patients with persistent symptoms (both typical and atypical) in the absence of esophageal mucosal damage, especially when a trial of acid suppression has failed. Impedance pH test is useful in refractory reflux patients with primary complaints of typical GERD symptoms, but this value has not been proved in patients with non-cardiac chest pain or extraesophageal symptoms. This systematic review is targeted to establish the strategy of GERD diagnosis, which is essential for the current clinical practice.

Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: a Systematic Review / 대한소화기학회지

The prevalence of gastoesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been rapidly increased in Korea during last 20 years. However, there has been no systematic review regarding this disease. The aim of this article was to provide a review of available diagnostic modalities for GERD. This review includes proton pump inhibitor (PPI) test, endoscopy, ambulatory pH monitoring, impedance pH monitoring, and esophageal manometry in order to provide a basis for the currently applicable recommendations in the diagnosis of GERD in Korea. With weekly heartburn or acid regurgitation, the prevalence of GERD has been reported as 3.4% to 7.9%, indicating an increase of GERD in Korea. As the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus has been reported to be low, the screening endoscopy for Barrett's esophagus is not recommended. Several recent meta-analyses re-evaluated the value of the PPI test in patients with typical GERD symptoms and non-cardiac chest pain. That is, the PPI test has been proven to be a sensitive tool for diagnosing GERD in patients with non-cardiac chest pain and in some preliminary trials regarding extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. Ambulatory pH monitoring of the esophagus helps to confirm gastroesophageal reflux in patients with persistent symptoms (both typical and atypical) in the absence of esophageal mucosal damage, especially when a trial of acid suppression has failed. Impedance pH test is useful in refractory reflux patients with primary complaints of typical GERD symptoms, but this value has not been proved in patients with non-cardiac chest pain or extraesophageal symptoms. This systematic review is targeted to establish the strategy of GERD diagnosis, which is essential for the current clinical practice.

Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico / Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) é uma condição que se desenvolve quando o refluxo do conteúdo procedente do estômago provoca sintomas desagradáveis e/ou complicações. O seu quadro clínico, em geral, costuma ser bastante simples, representado por pirose e/ou regurgitação (manifestações típicas). As manifestações atípicas (sintomas crônicos laríngeos, asma), entretanto, podem também se apresentar isoladamente, tornando mais difícil a suspeita diagnóstica. As manifestações clínicas da doença não são necessariamente correlacionadas com a gravidade das lesões esofágicas. A DRGE pode ser erosiva (quando erosões são visíveis ao exame endoscópico) ou não erosiva (endoscopia negativa). O exame endoscópico não apresenta sensibilidade elevada, já que em cerca de 50% das vezes as erosões não são vistas durante o procedimento. O método endoscópico permite a realização de biópsias nos casos de complicação, como o esôfago de Barrett, estenose e ulceração. A pHmetria de 24 horas é um método sensível e específico, mas apresenta alguns inconvenientes, entre os quais a incapacidade para reconhecer o refluxo duodenogástrico. Nesse sentido, a combinação da pHmetria com a impedância esofágica pode ser bastante útil. O tratamento clínico é dividido em medidas comportamentais/dietéticas (elevação da cabeceira da cama, perda de peso, suspensão do fumo, evitação de chocolate, alimentos gordurosos etc.) e farmacológicas, estas compreendendo o uso de inibidores da bomba protônica (omeprazol, lansoprazol, pantoprazol, rabeprazol e esomeprazol). As complicações da doença e os pacientes que requerem tratamento contínuo de manutenção, principalmente os mais jovens, consistem nas principais indicações cirúrgicas da DRGE. Usualmente os mais responsivos ao tratamento cirúrgico são os que melhor respondem ao tratamento clínico.

An Evaluation of Web-based Information about Barrett's Esophagus in Korea / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Internet has become an important source of medical information not only for doctors but also patients. However, information available in the Internet may provide wrong or even harmful knowledge to the public. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of Internet-based medical information about Barrett's esophagus in Korea. METHODS: The first 50 Internet links were retrieved from the Google using the key word 'Barrett's esophagus'. The quality of information from a total of 49 websites was evaluated using a checklist. RESULTS: Among total 49 sites related to 'Barrett's esophagus', only 4 sites (8.2%) were made by hospitals or clinics, and 11 sites (22.4%) were for patients. Of the 49 sites, only one web site (2.0%) had all HON CODE principles (authority, complementarity, confidentiality, attribution, justifiability, transparency of authorship, transparency of sponsorship, honesty in advertising and editorial policy). Sixteen Internet links (32.0%) had fair contents for the definition, and 24 links (48.0%) for the diagnosis, and 15 links (30.0%) for the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Information about Barrett's esophagus was incomplete in the majority of medical web sites. It will bring about confusion in patients who want to get information about Barrett's esophagus from the Internet. There is a need for better evidence-based information about Barrett's esophagus on the web.

Esófago de Barrett: la antesala del adenocarcinoma de esófago / Barrett's esophagus: a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma

El esófago de Barrett (EB) es una complicación frecuente de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico y es un factor importante en el desarrollo de adenocarcinoma esofágico. El EB es sospechado por los hallazgos en la endoscopia y su diagnóstico se confirma cuando la histología demuestra la presencia de metaplasia intestinal en la mucosa esofágica. Dado que la mayoría de los pacientes con EB no desarrollará cáncer de esófago, es necesario definir nuevas estrategias que ayuden a identificar pacientes de mayor riesgo. Aunque la vigilancia de los pacientes con EB está basada aún en la toma sistemática de biopsias de la mucosa con metaplasia, nuevas técnicas endoscópicas de alta resolución pueden ayudar en el proceso de selección. El tratamiento endoscópico de la displasia en pacientes con EB es una nueva modalidad que espera mayor estudio para precisar su indicación.

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a common complication of gastroesophageal re flux disease and is a major risk factor in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. BE is detected on endoscopy and confirmed when histology shows intestinal metaplasia. The majority of Barretts patients will not develop cancer of the esophagus, so new specific methods of identification of those at risk are needed. Although the surveillance of patients with BE is still based on systematic biopsy sampling of Barrett's mucosa endoscopy.